N Engl J Med 375(19):18341844 Marx N, Husain M, Lehrke M, Verma S, Sattar N (2022) GLP-1 receptor agonists for the reduction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes
Some studies suggest that consuming protein before carbohydrates might improve postprandial (after-meal) glucose control and satiety, though the specific impact on GLP-1 levels requires further research
doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2006
For instance, exenatide, the first GLP-1-analogue developed, demonstrated to promote human monocyte differentiation into alternatively activated M2 macrophages, leading to an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 while significantly reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF- and IL-1 ( Furthermore, GLP-1 has been hypothesised to act as a mediator between innate and adaptive immune responses