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A 2025 comprehensive review in IJMS describes emerging delivery strategies including lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA therapies and CRISPR-dCas9 epigenetic editing to overcome BBB obstacles

The downstream effects most consistently described in the literature: induction of collagen I and III, elastin, and decorin synthesis (Maquart et al., FEBS Letters , 1988), upregulation of VEGF and basic FGF transcripts, induction of antioxidant defense genes including SOD2 and metallothionein isoforms, and modulation of the MMP-2 and TIMP-1/2 balance toward non-fibrotic remodeling

Under normal conditions the level of autophagy is rather low in the cell, but under starvation and under effect of specific signaling compounds it increases several folds

Neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles inhibit synovial inflammation and alleviate joint damage in inflammatory arthritis