dpp4 vs glp 1 DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs: cardiovascular safety and benefits Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4: DPP4 -

The FDA has issued guidance about the risks of compounded semaglutide, including concerns about sterility, potency consistency, and salt form differences

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Nwafor IC, Manduna IT

Relevant English-language studies were identified through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar up to May 2025 using combinations of the terms GLP-1 receptor agonist, SGLT2 inhibitor, gut microbiota, type 2 diabetes, renal, and cardiovascular. Both preclinical and clinical investigations were considered, with an emphasis on peer-reviewed studies addressing microbiota composition, metabolite shifts, and systemic effects